Human variations in adaptations to cold weather

1.      Cold weather can cause blood vessels in certain parts of the body to constrict and cause a breakdown in the immune system. Once this has occurred, bacteria can then take over the body and cause sickness that can result in death. Hypothermia can also occur when the core body temperature falls to 94 degrees Fahrenheit. At this point homeostasis is disturbed because the body’s natural temperature regulating system stats to fail, thus making the body cool even faster.

2.      Humans have learned a number of ways to cope with cold temperatures. One way is through cultural adaptations such as the following four examples: thicker clothing, insulated houses, fire, and migration to a warmer climate.

 

 

3. The benefit of studying human variation across a range of environmental stresses are: it helps scientist come up with new ways to treat diseases, avoid mutations and reveal patterns of human population diversity.

4. To understand variations in cultural adaptations to cold weather, I would use race to follow patterns of adaptations to cold weather in different cold climates around the world. For example, I would compare one race in a region to another race in a different region who both live in similar climates. This way I would be able to see the affects that the environment has on the variations and compare them accordingly.

 

An altered Language experiement

I found part one of the language assignment to be quite difficult because the content of the conversation I had with my partner required a little more feedback than just yes and no answers.  My partner was able to speak and I wasn’t; I was only able to use body language and I believe that she actually used more hand gestures than I did because she naturally assumed that I was deaf. If each of us in the conversation represented a different culture I actually think that my partner’s culture would have an advantage in communicating complex ideas, because with language it is easier to link sounds to objects or symbols and mimic tones in nature as well. I think that the speaking culture would feel superior towards the nonspeaking culture because of the many benefits that come with language.

 

 Some individuals in our culture today that have difficulty communicating spoken language are people with speech impediments. One particular speech impediment is called aphasia, which is a loss of hearing due to a stroke or brain damage which can develop speech – language disorders. There are a few ways that speaking people can communicate with those who have aphasia. For starters the environment should be quiet and they should be spoken to like adults. If they can’t understand you then never choose to shout at them. When you ask them a question, ask in a way they can answer you with a simple yes and no. When directions are giving to someone with aphasia the directions should be broken down into small and simple steps. Visual prompts are also helpful as well such as pointing, hand gestures, and drawings.

 

 

Part two of the language assignment was actually harder than I thought, even harder than part one’s objective but I did last the whole 15 minutes. In the second part of the language assignment I was able to speak but without using any body language. You don’t realize how much you use hand gestures and head nods when you communicate, and that’s what made this assignment difficult for me. My partner in this conversation said that there was no spirit in the communication. He said that I seemed disinterested and the conversation was kind of boring. This language experiment proves that body language is very much a part of our language and is imperative to really get your point across to someone when communicating.

 

 Body language seems to be innate within all humans and it definitely was a communication tool well before spoken word. Recent studies have shown that autistic people have trouble reading body language because of visual processing problems. Being able to read body language can be beneficial in many ways. It would be beneficial in business especially to a salesman who is trying to gauge the level of interest of a buyer. Body language is also beneficial to parents of babies and toddlers. Because these young children aren’t proficient speakers the ability to communicate via body language is a very useful tool when dealing with them. Another adaptive benefit to possessing the ability to read body language is finding a mate or finding out if someone may be romantically interested in you. I can’t describe any condition where there might be a benefit to not reading body language. To me being able to read body language is always beneficial because it is the closest we come to being able to read someone’s mind, now how cool would that be, communicating via mental telepathy!  

Piltdown Hoax

The Piltdown hoax is one of the biggest frauds known in scientific history. It took place in a small village called Piltdown in the town of Lewes located in Southern England in the year 1912. An amateur archeologist from Sussex England named Charles Dawson had received a primitive skull from one of his laborers who had discovered it. Dawson was already building a reputation for himself within the scientific community and became an opportunist when he realized that the ancient skull that the laborer had found could catapult him to elite status within the academic society. He was very enthusiastic about making spectacular discoveries and he would go to any length to accomplish doing so even if he had to fool the world in the process. Dawson had forged the skull found at Piltdown and claimed that it was the so called missing link that would connect humans and apes, and in the process put Britain on the map in regards to having ancient hominid history His hoax went undiscovered for forty years until scientific technology improved ..

Scientist are well respected individuals and scholars and a hoax played on the scientific world by one of their own would be the last thing you expect a scientist to do. Scientist were outraged because of the amount of attention paid to evolution regarding the Piltdown find. It was covetousness and greed that drove Charles Dawson to deceive his colleagues they proclaimed. For forty years people believed that prehistoric man had existed in England and more importantly they believed that the skull was the missing link between humans and apes. Fortunately with the aid of new technology, Dawson’s hoax was exposed in 1953 by a professor named Kenneth Oakley of the British Museum. By using a technique called fluorine analysis, professor Oakley was able to prove that the jaw of the skull that Dawson presented was much younger than the rest of the skull because they contained different levels of fluorine and the amounts of fluorine the skeletal remains had from seepage of groundwater should have been the same considering that they were found at the same site.

Unfortunately it isn’t possible to remove the human factor from science so that such a hoax will never happen again. Human intervention with science is not a bad thing though considering it is us who come up with all the hypothesis, theories, and technologies that continue to advance science as we know it. A lesson to be learned from the Piltdown hoax is never trust anyone’s biased opinions based on their title or academic status and also take heed to any doubt that may surface no matter how small.     

Primate Dentitions

Lemurs live on the Comoro and Madagascar Islands exclusively in the trees, in mostly rain forest and tropical environments, but some lemurs make their homes in hot and dry areas as well. The densest population of lemurs can be found in overgrown forest areas where there is more food during the rainy season. Lemurs survive on a variety of foods such as fruit, leaves, flowers, tree bark, and tree sap. Throughout history, lemur’s diets have shaped their teeth comb, which consist of six teeth, (four incisors and two canines). The lemur’s dentition is heterodont (having multiple tooth morphologies) and derives from an ancestral primate permanent dentition of 2.1.3.3. The lemur’s environment has influenced their dentition pattern in a few ways. For example, the Indri species use their tooth comb to pry out large seeds from the tough exocarp of beilschmiedia fruits, and the fork-marked lemurs use their relatively long toothcomb to cut through tree bark to induce the flow of tree sap.  

               

Spider Monkeys are found in tropical forest of Central and South America. Spider Monkeys live in the upper layers of the rainforest and typically forage there for nuts, fruits, leaves, bird eggs, and insects. Their diet has contributed to a 2.1.3.3 dentition pattern that consist of large incisors and small molars that reflect the heavy frugivorous diet. Fruit is about 80% of the spider monkey’s diet and because they prefer the fruits of big forest trees that is where they spend most of their time. They can also live for long periods of time on only one or two kinds of fruits and nuts. The spider monkey’s environment has definitely had an impact on its dentition pattern because the available foods in their habitat require the use of small molars to eat.

Baboons are terrestrial (ground dwelling) and are found in open savannah, open woodlands and hills across Africa. Unlike Lemurs and spider monkeys baboons sometimes are carnivorous which makes baboons omnivores. Their diets consist of a wide variety of foods, such as berries, seeds, pods, grass, shoots, twigs, fruits, bulbs, bark, flowers, roots, insects, and a small quantity of meat such as small antelope birds and fish. Their dental formula is 2.1.2.3 which is similar to the human formula but consist of longer canines, most likely adapted to tear through the flesh of animals accompanied by their powerful jaws. The baboon’s environment is highly seasonal, so they had to adapt to the foods available to them at a certain time which is reflected in their diet and tooth comb.

Gibbons are found in tropical and subtropical rainforest from Northeast India to Indonesia and North to Southern China. They can also be found on the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. Gibbons are brachiaters and rarely dwell on the ground so their diet is limited to the trees. Gibbons love fruit which is the primary source of their diet. The gibbon’s dental formula is 2.1.2.3 which is also similar to humans and apes. They are capable of eating meat with their long canines but prefer less competition for food. Their environment has contributed to their molars becoming bunodont (rounded) from all the soft fruit they eat.

Chimpanzees live in the rainforest, woodland areas and grasslands of Africa. They like to dwell on land as well as the trees which allow them to have a variety of food at their disposal. Chimps like to eat fruits, plants, insects, eggs and meat but there are hundreds of known foods that they eat. The dental formula that allows chimpanzees to eat all sorts of food is 2.1.2.3, which is similar to the dental pattern of gibbon’s baboons and humans. Unlike other nonhuman primates chimps are very intelligent and prefer to use tools to open tough shells of nuts and this strategy definitely has shaped their dental pattern throughout history. Because chimps are land dwellers and eat many kinds of things their environment their level of competition for food is very low, but if they have to compete their large canines would work as a good defense mechanism.

What I noticed is that the primate’s dentition patterns were all influenced by the unique environment that they habituated. The primates that were more arboreal had smaller canines than the more terrestrial ones. Also mostly all the primates had a similar molars because most of their diets were similar with the exception of those who were carnivorous.